Step 3.7 Flash 198B-A11B on Dual used RTX 4090 workstation (48 GB)

1. Multi-GPU: 1008 GB/s per card, with each additional card contributing 40% of its bandwidth — 1411 GB/s effective, not the 2016 GB/s aggregate. Cross-GPU collectives use PCIe rather than a dedicated GPU fabric.
2. Decode: reading 11.0B active parameters at 4.85 bits/weight takes 6.06 ms at 1411 GB/s x 78% achieved efficiency.
3. MoE routing penalty of 15% applied: expert gathers are less bandwidth-efficient than a dense sweep.
4. Prefill: 330 TFLOPS (FP16) x 2 for native FP8 tensor cores x 26% assumed model-FLOPs utilisation, divided by 2 x 47.1B parameters per token.
5. Prefill uses 47.1B effective parameters, not the 11B active in decode: a batch of hundreds of tokens routes across most of the expert pool.

• MoE decode depends on how well the engine batches expert gathers; real results vary more than for dense models.
• Prefill throughput is highly engine-dependent. Flash attention, batch size and quantized KV all move this number substantially, and for sparse mixture-of-experts models it is the least reliable figure we produce.
• This is a calculated estimate, not a measurement. It assumes a single request, a short prompt, no speculative decoding and a warm model already resident in memory.

Estimator version estimator_v1. Stored with every estimated row so old estimates can be regenerated when the model improves.